Many people find themselves in a situation where they want to convert their 401(k) to a Roth IRA. This can be a smart move if you’re looking to withdraw your retirement funds tax-free when you retire. However, converting your 401(k) to a Roth IRA can come with a hefty tax bill.
Although you can’t eliminate taxes on the conversion, there are ways to minimize the tax hit when converting your 401(k) to a Roth IRA.
Understanding Roth IRA Conversions
A Roth IRA is a retirement savings account that allows individuals to contribute after-tax dollars to the account and withdraw tax-free money during retirement. Unlike traditional individual retirement accounts (IRAs), Roth IRAs do not offer immediate tax benefits. Instead, they offer tax-free growth and withdrawals in the future.
When converting $100,000 from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA, the amount rolled over is subject to income tax at your ordinary income rate for that year. The applicable income tax rate can vary from 10% to 37%, depending on your overall income level, which includes the converted amount. This means the tax rate applied to the conversion is based on your total taxable income for the year, potentially placing you in a higher tax bracket.
Strategies To Minimize Taxes On Conversion
You have a few options to minimize your taxes when converting $100,000 in a 401(k) to a Roth IRA:
Spread The Conversion Over Multiple Years
One strategy to minimize taxes on conversion is to spread it over multiple years. By doing so, the taxpayer can reduce the amount of taxes paid in any given year. For example, if someone has $100,000 in their 401(k), they can convert $25,000 per year over four years. By doing so, they can minimize the amount of taxes paid in any given year.
Conversion During Low-Income Years
Another strategy to minimize taxes on conversion is to convert during low-income years. If someone has a year where they have a low income, they can convert a portion of their 401(k) to a Roth IRA. By doing so, they can reduce the amount of taxes paid on the conversion.
Using Tax Deductions And Credits
Taxpayers can also use tax deductions and credits to minimize taxes on conversion. For example, if someone has a lot of medical expenses, they can deduct those expenses on their tax return. By doing so, they can reduce their taxable income and minimize the amount of taxes paid on the conversion.
Taxpayers should consult with a financial adviser to determine the best strategy for their situation.
The 5-Year Rule For Roth Withdrawals
When converting funds from a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA, it is important to understand the five-year rule for Roth withdrawals. This rule mandates that withdrawals from a Roth IRA must occur at least five years after the account owner established and funded their first Roth IRA account.
Qualifying Distributions
If the account owner meets the five-year rule and is at least 59½ years old, they can withdraw funds from their Roth IRA tax-free and penalty-free. If the account owner dies and their beneficiary inherits the Roth IRA, the beneficiary can withdraw funds tax-free and penalty-free as long as the account has been open for at least five years.
Penalties For Nonqualified Distributions
If the account owner withdraws funds from their Roth IRA before meeting the five-year rule or before reaching age 59½, they may be subject to taxes and penalties. Withdrawals of contributions are generally tax-free and penalty-free, but withdrawals of earnings may be subject to taxes and penalties.
The five-year rule applies separately to each Roth IRA account an individual owns. If an individual has multiple Roth IRA accounts, they must meet the five-year rule for each account before taking tax-free and penalty-free withdrawals.
Overall, understanding the five-year rule for Roth withdrawals is important when considering a conversion from a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA. By meeting the five-year rule and age requirements, account owners can take advantage of tax-free and penalty-free withdrawals from their Roth IRA.
IRS Rules And Contribution Limits
Keep in mind the IRS rules and contribution limits. Here are the key factors to consider:
Annual Contribution Limits
For 2023, the IRS limits the amount of compensation eligible for 401(k) contributions to $330,000. This means that if an individual earns more than $330,000 in a year, they won’t be able to contribute any more to their 401(k). For those younger than 50, the annual contribution limit for 401(k) accounts is $20,500 in 2022, and it increases to $22,500 in 2023. For those 50 and older, the catch-up contribution limit is $6,500 in 2022 and $7,500 in 2023.
Income Phase-Out Ranges
Another important factor to consider is the income phase-out ranges for Roth IRA contributions. For 2023, the income phase-out range for single filers is $140,000 to $155,000, and for married couples filing jointly, it’s $208,000 to $218,000, according to The Motley Fool. If an individual or couple’s income falls within this range, they may only be able to make a partial contribution to a Roth IRA or may not be able to contribute at all.