Long-term U.S. Treasury yields jumped to a three-year high, fueling a global rise in borrowing costs as traders intensified bets on aggressive rate hikes from major central banks.
Ten-year U.S. yields climbed through 2.75% for the first time since March 2019 as investors priced in the impact of the Federal Reserve’s tightening plan and accelerating inflation. Traders are betting the Fed will enact about nine more quarter-point rate hikes by year-end, which would be the fastest policy tightening since 1994.
Long-term debt was weighed down ahead of the U.S. Treasury department’s sales over the coming two days of 10- and 30-year debt, with yields typically rising ahead of auctions to entice buyers. Treasuries were also pressured Monday after Amazon.com Inc. kicked off a 7-part debt offering.
Short-dated rates in the U.K. hit the highest in more than a decade as money markets ramped up bets on Bank of England rate increases by year-end. German yields rose to the highest in almost seven years.
Meanwhile, France’s 10-year yield premium over Germany fell for the first time in three days. Investors looked past results of the first round of France’s election — which put President Emmanuel Macron and far-right candidate Marine Le Pen in a second-round runoff later this month — and turned their attention back to growing expectations for the European Central Bank to end an era of negative rates by December.
“A move this profound from a corner of markets that has such pervasive effects — from pricing of credit to the determination of ‘risk free returns’ is a cause for major risk re-pricing, one would suspect,” said Vishnu Varathan, head of economics and strategy at Mizuho Bank Ltd. “I think the impact of such sustained and strong moves in Treasury yields will be hard to dodge for anyone.”
Borrowing costs on European debt surged, with money markets pricing two quarter-point ECB rate hikes by October. The rate on 10-year German bonds surged as much as 11 basis points to 0.82%, the highest since September 2015. Money markets are pricing two-quarter point ECB rate hikes by October, and they are two basis points away from wagering on a third such increase by December. The German yield curve steepened, led by 30-year rates, which surged to the highest since 2018.
Read more: German Yields Climb to Highest Since 2015 Amid Hawkish ECB Bets
U.K. debt was also caught up in the rush to bet on further policy tightening ahead of inflation data on Wednesday, sending 10-year yields to a six-year high and affirming trader bets on five quarter-point BOE rate increases at each rate decision through to November. Consumer prices in Britain are expected to jump by the fastest pace in 30 years, according to a median estimate of analysts polled by Bloomberg.
“What is discomforting is the force behind the selloff,” in U.S. Treasuries, said Ben Emons, global macro strategist with Medley Global Advisors LLC. Part of the rise for the sharp rise in yields, he said, is likely related to the fact that mortgage rates have also risen and reduced the amount of mortgages that are being refinanced, sparking hedging-related selling of Treasuries.
U.S. mortgage rates have surged to the highest since December 2018, with the average for a 30-year loan at 4.72%, according to Freddie Mac.
Asia Ripples
Markets in Asia also felt the impact of Treasury declines, which helped send the dollar past 125 yen for the first time since 2015. They also erased the premium that benchmark Chinese bonds held over their U.S. counterparts for more than decade, narrowing the spread between the two securities to the least since June 2010.
“Dollar-yen looks vulnerable to a move toward 130 if U.S. bond yields continue to push higher and the Bank of Japan remains committed to keeping the 10-year yield at 0.25%,” said Khoon Goh, head of Asia research at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. in Singapore. “This would put more pressure on other Asian currencies as well.”
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The Fed last week added aggressive quantitative tightening proposals to its plan for a rapid increase in interest rates to cap surging inflation. That threatens to remove a key support for global risk assets, with high-priced technology shares feeling the brunt of the pressure as the rise in real yields threatens valuations. The benchmark inflation-adjusted yield climbed as much as eight basis points to minus 0.11% Monday, not far off a break into positive territory for the first time in two years.
“If today’s inflation and fiscal concerns fester, the great diversification benefit provided by Treasury bonds to equity investors the last 25 years by usually rallying when equities sharply sold-off could be lost,” wrote David Bianco, Chief Investment Officer, Americas, at DWS. “We think the next 5% price move for the S&P 500 is likely to be down given slowing earnings growth, elevated inflation and numerous Fed hikes likely pressuring the price/earnings ratio.”
The yield on the 20-year bond climbed as much as nine basis points to 3.0011%, the highest on record for the two-decade benchmark since Treasury resumed issuing at that tenor in May 2020.
Key for global markets this week is U.S. consumer price data, as the war in Ukraine, now into a seventh week, amplifies price pressures. Economists expect an 8.4% gain in March’s index from a year earlier, a fresh four-decade high. For now, strategists see the momentum for higher yields persisting.
“At this rate markets are aiming for another nice clean round number like 3%” on the 10-year Treasury yield, George Goncalves, head of U.S. macro strategy at MUFG Securities Americas, said in a note. “Given the nature of the multi-decade bond bull run, we have never had a full retracement of a prior high as yields had been consistently heading lower.”